الفهرس 
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Abstract
The objectives of the present study were to establish the reference values and repeatability of pulsed wave doppler echocardiographic parameters in normal donkeys (Equus asinus),assess the cardiac indices using M-mode echocardiography in horse with tachycardia, evaluate the cardiac indices using M-mode echocardiography after administration of metoclopramide and ondansetron in donkeys (Equus asinus): An Experimental Study, investigate the effects of azithromycin administration on echocardiographic parameters in healthy donkeys (Equus asinus): An experimental study , and conduct a systematic meta-analysis on echocardiographic measurements of heart dimensions in normal thoroughbred and standardbred horses. The current study was divided into five parts to cover each part of them: reference values and repeatability of pulsed wave doppler echocardiographic parameters in normal donkeys (Equus asinus) of the mitral and aortic valves and selection of 10 healthy donkeys. The peak velocity and the wave duration, measuring the pressure half time, measure the myocardial performance index of the left ventricle, measure pulsatility index and resistance index for mitral and aortic valves. The velocity time integral (VTI) was measured using pulsed wave doppler echocardiography. Assessment of cardiac indices using M-mode echocardiography with irregular heart rate and selection of 20 animals, including 10 horses at random (control group), and 10 sick horses showing clinical signs of flatulent colic. And evaluation of cardiac indices using echocardiography after injection of metoclopramide (0.25 mg / kg weight) and ondansetron (0.15 mg / kg weight) intravenously to the healthy donkeys (n = 5). And the effect of azithromycin (5 mg / kg) slowly in the jugular vein to the healthy donkeys (n = 10) in a randomized study. And systematic analysis of echocardiographic measurements in thoroughbred and standardbred horses. As directed by PRISMA was performed. , Fifteen studies were finally selected for analysis in both fixed and random effect.Results showed for reference values and repeatability for the mitral and aortic valve, myocardial performance index by pulsed wave doppler. Cardiac indices using M-mode echocardiography in horse with tachycardia are changed as IVSTs, LVIDd, LVPWd, and SV, ESV, and EF %, with a resultant alteration in the cardiac functions. Metoclopramide and ondansetron could induce changes of cardiac function using M- mode echocardiography. Azithromycin could induce transient and short-lasting changes of cardiac function and indices in donkeys. The meta-analysis provides an overview about the echocardiographic measurements of cardiac dimensions in healthy thoroughbred and standardbred horses.