الفهرس 
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Abstract
Introduction :Diabetes is an epidemic health issue that currently affects millions of individuals worldwide. The global prevalence of diabetes is predicted to increase dramatically in the coming decades. Diabetic retinopathy is the most common complication of diabetes, affecting over 90% of persons with diabetes and progressing to legal blindness in about 5%. Metformin has been an important drug for treatment of type П diabetes for decades. It is currently recommended as first line therapy for all newly diagnosed type П diabetic patients. Treatment with this drug could possibly activate protective mechanisms against diabetic retinopathy, because of its anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenic activity.Animals and methods :This work was carried out on twenty one adult male albino rats. They were divided into three groups of seven rats each i.e. control group, diabetic group and metformin group. Animals of all groups were sacrificed at the end of the experiment and blood samples were collected for blood glucose, GSH and MDA levels measuremen.t. The eyes were enucleated and put in Davidsion solution to prevent the retinal detachment. Paraffin sections were prepared and stained with haematoxylin & eosin, GFAP and caspase3 and VEGF stains.Results :Diabetic group showed increase in body weight after high fat diet followed by decrease in body weight after streptozotocin injection. It also showed increase in blood glucose level, insulin resistance and MDA level and decrease in GSH and serum insulin level. Hematoxylin and Eosin stained sections of retina from diabetic group showed disorganized layers and decrease in thickness of inner and outer nuclear layer of the retina and also decrease in number of ganglion cells and increase in number of blood vessels. GFAP stained sections of diabetic group showed increase in glial cell activation.Caspase3 stained sections of diabetic group showed increase in retinal cell apoptosis. VEGF stained section of diabetic group showed increase in number of blood vessels.Metformin group showed increase in body weight, GSH and serum insulin levels and decrease in blood glucose, MDA level and insulin resistance. Hematoxylin and Eosin stained sections of retina from metformin group showed less disorganized retinal layers and increase in thickness of inner nuclear layer of the retina as compared to diabetic group but thickness of outer nuclear layer decreased more than diabetic group. Also metformin increase number of ganglion cells and increase in number of blood vessels. GFAP stained sections of metformin group showed less glial cell activation.Caspase3 stained sections of diabetic group showed less apoptosis of retinal cells. VEGF stained section of metformin group showed increase in number of blood vessels more than diabetic group.Conclusion:Administration of metformin decrease glial cell activation and apoptosis of the retina but increase blood vessels formation.