الفهرس 
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Abstract
Hepatoprotective effect of ethanolic ginger extract or ginger oil or rice bran oil against fatty liver in rats was investigated in the present study. Fatty liver disease induced in rats by ethanol treatment. Rats that received ethanol treated with ethanolic ginger extract (GE) or ginger oil (GO) or rice bran oil (RBO) to investigate the hepatoprotective and anti-fatty liver effect of these extracts.
Experimental design:
Rats were divided into 6 groups (6 rats/group) as follow:
group 1 (NC): Normal Control group, only fed on normal diet.
group 2 (PC¬+): positive control group, fed on normal diet and received orally ethanol treatment.
group 3 (GE): Ginger Extract Group, fed on normal diet + ethanol treatment + Ginger extract [200mg/Kg body weight].
group 4 (GO): Ginger Oil Group, fed on normal diet + ethanol treatment + Ginger oil (GO) [200mg/Kg body weight].
group 5 (RBO): Rice Bran Oil group, fed on normal diet + ethanol treatment + Rice Bran oil (RBO) [200mg/Kg body weight].
group 6 (DMSO): fed on normal diet + ethanol treatment + dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and served as the DMSO control group.
Results obtained display that fatty liver induced in rats treated with ethanol only (PC+), which confirmed by:
1- Hepatic triglycerides elevated to 8 % of liver weight in fatty liver induced rats compared to normal rats (normal control) where hepatic triglycerides were 1.5 %.
2- A significant elevation in levels of ALT (69.41 U/L), AST (62.98 U/L), ALP (121.65 U/L), Total protein (7.46 g/dl) and Albumin (4.88 g/dl) was noticed in PC+ as compared to normal control (NC): (23.35 U/L), (27.95 U/L), (73.45 U/L), (6.41 g/dl) and (4.53 g/dl) respectively.
3- High significant (p≤0.05) increase was observed in levels of serum triglycerides (214.37 mg/dl), total cholesterol (99.81 mg/dl), LDL-C (47.75 mg/dl) in PC+ compared with NC: (74.22 mg/dl), (31.45 mg/dl) and (4.21 mg/dl) respectively.
4- Oxidative stress in liver that investigated by high significant elevation of hepatic MDA level (140.61 nmol/g) in PC+ compared to NC (50.84 nmol/g).
5- Histological investigations:
Histological examination of liver sections of rats from PC+ group revealed the fatty change of hepatic cells where fat vacuoles were formed (fats accumulation in liver cells).
On the other hand, results show that treatment of rats which administrated ethanol (induced fatty liver) with ethanolic ginger extract (GE) or RBO or GO remediated the biological imbalance and oxidative stress, this medication and therapy delivered to the maximum level in GE group, GE prevent liver from being fatty, prevention of fatty liver in rats treated with GE confirmed by:
1- Maintaining the level of hepatic triglycerides in GE group (1.65 %) to be close to normal control (1.59 %).
2- High significant decrease was found in levels of ALT (19.75 U/L), AST (23.96 U/L), ALP (69.03 U/L), Total protein (6.25 g/dl) and Albumin (4.51 g/dl) in GE group as compared with PC+ group: (69.41 U/L), (62.98 U/L), (121.65 U/L), (7.46 g/dl) and (4.88 g/dl) respectively.
3- High significant (p≤0.05) lowering was found in level of hepatic MDA (43.35 nmol/g) in GE group as compared to PC+ group (140.61 nmol/g) which indicate that oxidative stress was treated.
4- Decreasing the levels of lipid profile in GE group: serum Triglycerides (72.76 mg/dl), Total Cholesterol (34.61 mg/dl) and LDL-C (5.5 mg/dl) when compared with PC+ group: (214.37 mg/dl), (99.81 mg/dl) and (47.75 mg/dl) respectively.
5- Histological examination of liver tissue sections of rats from GE group show normal parenchymal architecture without any histopathological changes as compared to NC group.
These data indicate that GE has a great hepatoprotective and anti-fatty liver effect.
In addition, treatment of rats which received ethanol with Ginger oil or Rice bran oil resulted in:
1- A significant (p≤0.05) decrease in hepatic triglycerides, hepatic MDA.
2- Lowering in the levels of serum triglycerides, Total cholesterol and LDL-C as compared to PC+.
3- Decreasing in ALT, AST, ALP, total protein and Albumin levels as compared to PC+.
But this significant decrease was less than the significant decrease resulted in rats treated with ethanolic ginger extract, which indicate that, ethanolic ginger extract has a hepatoprotective effect more than rice bran oil followed by ginger oil as shown in results.
The present study also included measuring of the antioxidant activity of ethanolic ginger extract, ginger oil and rice bran oil by DPPH method, results showed that the antioxidant activity of ethanolic ginger extract [IC50= 18.25 (µg/ml)] was more than the antioxidant activity of both ginger oil [IC50= 6714.38 (µg/ml)] and rice bran oil [IC50=1409.57 (µg/ml)]. So, high hepatoprotective effect of GE compared to RBO or GO may be due to high antioxidant activity of GE compared to RBO and GO respectively.
In addition, Mass Spectroscopy (MS) of ethanolic ginger extract, GC-MS of ginger oil were carried out to identify and detect the components that found in these extracts.
The hepatoprotective effect of GE, GO and rice bran oil may be attributed to the antioxidant activity of these extracts due to containing antioxidant compounds:
Ginger extract contains [6]-Gingerol, [8]-Gingerol, [10]- shogaol, [6]- shogaol, Acetoxy-[8]-gingerol, Diacetoxy-[8]-gingerdiol, Methyl [6]-gingerol, 1-Dehydro-[8]-gingerdione, [6]- gingerdione and other compounds.
Ginger oil contains many compounds, zingiberene, D-Limonene, beta-Bisabolene, trans-alpha-Bergamotene, Eucalyptol and Camphene. The oil also contains beta-Pinene, beta-Myrcene, alpha-Phellandrene, 3-Carene, Cymene, Copaene, Caryophyllene, gamma-Elemene and other compounds.
Rice bran oil (RBO) contains a rich unsaponifiable fraction (up to 5%) mainly composed by sterols, triterpene alcohols, 4-methyl-sterols, and less polar components, Phytosterols include β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, squalene and gamma-oryzanol.
The present study indicate that all of ethanolic ginger extract or ginger oil or rice bran oil has a hepatoprotective effect. However, ethanolic ginger extract was the best in liver protection followed by rice bran oil and ginger oil respectively as results obtained.
Finally, GE was the best among all three treatments to protect from fatty liver induction by alcoholic treatment. It is obviously show that all measured parameters of GE group was not alter significant effect compared to NC group, e.g. total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C and more better than normal control in HDL-C (14.55 mg/dl) compared to (12.39 mg/dl) in NC. Also, in TG either hepatic or serum. On the other hand GE was better than NC in lowering MDA and protect liver from lipid peroxidation where MDA level were 43.35 nmol/g compared to 50.84 nmol/g in NC respectively. Not only that but also, liver enzymes ALT, AST was not significantly changed in this group, but moreover the ALP was significantly decreased 69.03 (U/L) compared to 73.45 (U/L) in NC which reflect the highly saving effect attributed to this extract which like a balanced extract raise the good parameters and lower the worse one to safe the organ from damage, this phenomena was found also in TP, Alb, Glob and A/G ratio.
This hypothesis was confirmed by antioxidant capacity measurement where, IC50 value in GE was 18.25 (µg/ml) compared to 6714.88 (µg/ml) & 1409.57 (µg/ml) in GO and RBO respectively. That interpret the higher antioxidant capacity role of GE among all three treatments. In addition antioxidant activity of GE explain many of its hepatoprotective mechanisms.
Recommendation:
1- Ginger either drink or food additive is very useful and helpful in:
- Liver protection from oxidative stress and consequent more of diseases like fatty liver.
- Enhancement of lipid profile.
2- Rice bran oil is a good replacement of salad and cooking oil, it has high hepatoprotective effect.