الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present work was carried out in honey bee colonies in the apiary of Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University and Bacterial Plant Diseases laboratory, Plant Diseases Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University.
The aim of this study was to study the effect of food types (sugar syrup fortified with Garlic (Allium sativum), Lemon (Citrus limon), Garlic plus Lemon) or pollen grains and plain sugar syrup (1:1)) on contamination of honey with bacteria, fungi and yeasts and to determine and characterize microbial populations in Egyptian honeys, bee pollen, bee propolis, royal jelly and bee wax obtained from different sources and to detect the presence of total colifroms, Samoenella sp, Shigella sp, E. coli and Paenibacillus larvae larvae in the bee honey samples examined. Also, study the effect of storage period of honey on their microbial contains. The study also, aims to monitor the number of total viable bacterial counts and total molds and yeasts which are good indicator for the sanitary conditions of honey samples and other bee products.
The obtained results could be summarized as follows:
13.1. Effect of food type introduced to the honeybee colonies on contamination of extracted honey with microorganisms:
Application of sugar syrup plus extracts of garlic, lemon, garlic plus lemon or bee pollen led to decrease population of bacteria, fungi and yeasts compared with control treatment (plain sugar syrup 1:1). The fungi were the least population in all the treatments compared with bacteria and yeasts, meanwhile population of bacteria were moderately and the yeasts were the most occurrence. Garlic and lemon plus sugar syrup treatment was the most effective against population of microorganisms, but garlic and lemon plus sugar syrup separate were moderately effective and bee pollen treatment was the least effective compared with other treatments. According to isolation and identification procedures, three bacterial species (Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium botulism), four fungal species (Aspergillus apis, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp.) and three yeasts species (Debaromyces sp., Lipomyces sp. and Saccharomyces sp.) were determined according to cultural, morphological and physiological characters. Cladosporium botulism bacterium was the most frequency compared with other bacteria species, but A.apis fungus was the most frequency compared with other fungi species and Lipomyces sp. was the most frequency compared with other yeasts.
13.2. Effect of honey types which produced from different apiaries on population and frequency (%) of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and yeasts) in honey samples:
Five honey types were produced from honeybee colonies in some apiaries (citrus, clover, cotton, marjoram and ziziphus) to study their effect on population and frequency (%) of microorganisms. The data summarized that Clastridium botulism bacterium was the most frequency in all honey produced when compared with other bacteria types. The fungus A. apis was the most frequency compared with A. niger, Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp., respectively. Meanwhile, the yeast Lipomyces sp. was the most frequency compared with Debaromyces sp. and Saccharomyces sp.It also concluded that, fungi were the least population in all the honey types.
13.3. Effect of honey types which collected from honey producers in different regions in Egypt on population and frequency (%) of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and yeasts), during season 2014:
Population of bacteria was significantly low in honey samples collected from Dakhlia and Kalubia governorate (0.42 and 0.57 colonies/sample), followed by Monifia (0.66 colony/sample), meanwhile, Beheira and Fayoum governorate significantly had the highest population of bacteria (0.78 and 0.72 colonies /sample). For fungi, honey samples collected from Kalubia and Fayoum governorate had no population of fungi, followed by Dakhlia, meanwhile, Monifia and Beheira governorate significantly had the highest population of fungi. The population of yeasts was significantly low in honey samples collected from Fayoum (0.78 colonies /sample), followed by Kalubia and Dakhlia (0.89 and 1.11 colonies /sample). The data also summarized that fungi, were the least population in all the honey types, followed by bacteria, meanwhile, the yeasts were the highest population. Irrespective the regions, non floral honey had the lowest population of bacteria, fungi and yeasts, followed by marjoram, cotton, citrus and clover honey. The data also summarized that Clostridium botulism bacterium was the most frequency compared with other bacteria types, where the fungus A. apis was the most frequency compared with A. niger and the yeast, Lipomyces sp. was the most frequency.
13.4. Effect of honey types which collected from Egyptian market on population and frequency (%) of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and yeasts), during seasons 2014:
The population of micoorganisms was significantly low in non floral honey samples, where it was (0.60, 0.00 and 0.95 colonies/sample) for bacteria, fungi and yeasts, respectively, followed by marjoram and citrus honey, respectively, meanwhile, it was significantly high in clover and cotton honey, respectively. The data also summarized that Clostridium botulism bacterium was the most frequency compared with C. botulism, B. brevis and B. cereus. Meanwhile, A. apis fungus was the most frequency compared with A. apis, A. niger, Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp.. Regarding the yeasts, Lipomyces sp. was the most frequency compared with other yeasts types. Fungi, were the least population in all the honey types as compared with bacteria and yeasts.
13.5. Effect of bee pollen on population of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and yeasts):
The data summarized that, the population of bacteria, fungi and yeasts were decreased in bee pollen samples which produced from bee bread in combs and pollen pellets in pollen traps, and averaged population (0.2, 0.1 and 0.4 and 0.4, 0.1 and 0.7colonies/pollen sample) for bacteria, fungi and yeasts, respectively. Meanwhile pollen samples which collected from Egyptian markets as pollen pellets had the highest number of population of bacteria, fungi and yeasts and averaged (1.0, 0.5 and 1.1 colonies/sample), respectively.
13.6. Effect of Bee propolis on population of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and yeasts):
The populations of microorganisms were significantly less in bee propolis samples which produced from honey bee colonies in apiaries when compared with bee propolis samples collected from Egyptian markets, were the mean number of population of bacteria, fungi and yeasts were (0.1, 0.0 and 0.2 and 0.3, 0.0 and 0.4 colonies/sample) for produced and collected samples, respectively.
13.7. Effect of royal jelly on population of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and yeasts).
The data indicated that, the population of microorganisms were significantly less in royal jelly samples which produced from honey bee colonies in the apiaries when compared with bee royal jelly samples collected from Egyptian markets, were the mean number of population of bacteria, fungi and yeasts were (0.1, 0.0 and 0.2 and 0.3, 0.0 and 0.2 colonies/sample) for produced and collected royal jelly samples, respectively.
13.8. Effect of Bees wax on population of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and yeasts).
The data summarized that, the population of microorganisms were significantly less in naturally produced wax samples as compared with bee wax samples collected from bee combs, were the mean number of population of bacteria, fungi and yeasts were (0.1, 0.0 and 0.2 and 0.12, 0.0 and 0.4 colonies/sample) for naturally produced wax samples and wax from bee combs, respectively.
Royal jelly and bee propolis had the lowest population of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and yeasts), followed by bee wax and bee pollen, respectively. The data also summarized that fungi, were the least population in bee pollen, bee propolis, royal jelly and bees wax.
13.9. The frequency (%) of (bacteria, fungi and yeasts)in bee pollen, bee propolis, royal jelly and bee wax samples:
13.9.1. Frequency (%) of bacteria:
Three bacteria types (Bacillus brevis, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium botulism) were determined according to cultural, morphological and physiological characters in bee pollen, bee propolis, royal jelly and bee wax samples. C. botulism bacterium was the most frequency compared with other bacteria types, where the percentage of frequency ranged from (0.1 – 0.9), followed by B. brevis (0.1 – 0.3), meanwhile, B. cereus was the least frequency.
13.9.2. Frequency (%) of fungi:
The data summarized that, three types of fungi were determent (Aspergillus apis, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp.) according to cultural, morphological and physiological characters in bee pollen, royal jelly and bee wax. A. apis fungus was the most frequency compared with A. niger, and Penicillium sp where the percentage of frequency was (0.0 - 0.8, 0.0 – 0.2 and 0.0 – 0.4%) for A. apis, A. niger and Penicillium sp, respectively.
13.9.3. Frequency (%) of yeasts:
Three yeasts types (Debaromyces sp., Lipomyces sp. and.Saccharomyces sp.) were determined according to cultural, morphological and physiological characters in bee pollen, royal jelly and bee wax. It also concluded that, Lipomyces sp. was the most frequency compared with Lipomyces sp., where the percentage of frequency ranged from (0.1 – 0.6 %), followed by (Debaromyces sp., and. Saccharomyces sp), where their frequency ranged from (0.0 – 0.4 and 0.0 – 0.4%), respectively.
13.10. Effect of extracted honey and honey in capped combs samples which produced from the faculty of Agriculture apiary at Al-Nobaria region (Beheira governorate) on population and frequency (%) of microorganisms:
The population of bacteria, fungi and yeasts were significantly less in honey samples which taken from capped honey combs than extracted honey. Clostridium botulism bacterium was the most frequency compared with other bacteria types. The fungi A. niger and Cladosporium sp. not detected either in extracted honey or honey was taken from capped combs. Meanwhile, A. apis fungus was the most frequency compared with other fungi types. Regarding the yeasts, Saccharomyces sp. not detected either in extracted honey or honey was taken from capped combs, while, Lipomyces sp. was the most frequency when compared with Debaromyces sp. The data also summarized that fungi were the least population than bacteria and yeasts.
13.11. Effect of storage period on population and frequency (%) of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and yeasts) in citrus honey samples collected 2014:
Samples of honey were stored at room temperature at zero, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months to study the storage period on population and frequency of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and yeasts). The data showed that, no bacteria was detected in extracted honey at zero time; in honey taken from capped combs, it was detected after 6 months, meanwhile in naturally produced wax, the bacteria were detected after 9 months. The data also summarized that the population of bacteria was significantly less in naturally produced wax samples than extracted honey and honey was taken from capped honey combs. It also summarized that Clostridium botulism bacterium was the most frequency compared with B. brevis and B. cereus. for fungi, no fungi were detected in naturally produced wax, meanwhile it was detected after 6 months in extracted honey and honey was taken from capped combs. The population of fungi was significantly less in honey which was taken from capped honey combs than extracted honey. It also found that, the fungus A. apis was the most frequency compared with other fungi types. For yeasts, no yeasts were detected in honey samples examined at zero time. The data also summarized that the population of yeasts was significantly increased with increasing the storage period; it was less in naturally produced wax samples, followed by honey was taken from capped honey combs than extracted honey. It also indicated that, Lipomyces sp. was the most frequency, meanwhile Saccharomyces sp. was the least frequency.