الفهرس 
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Abstract
There are several factors lead to liver toxicity and diabetes
namely the toxins such as aflatoxins, drugs in overdoses and chemicals
such as heavy metals and organic solvents especially tetrachloride, STZ
and alcohols.
There are many herbals which are used in therapeutic or protective
effect against diseases in rats. These herbals include rosemary herb and
others. Rosemary is a perennial herb with fragrant, evergreen needle-like
leaves and white, pink, purple or blue flowers native to Mediterranean
region.
In this thesis, alcoholic and aqueous extracts of rosemary and its
oil were used to investigate their effects on diabetic and liver malfunction
rats by administrating them with STZ or CCl4 respectively for three
weeks.
This study was achieved to evaluate (i) the therapeutic effects of
alcoholic, aqueous and oil extracts of rosemary on acute hyperglycemia
induced by streptozotocin in male rats. (ii) The protective effects of
alcoholic, aqueous and oil extracts of rosemary on the liver toxicity
induced by CCl4 in male rats. In order to achieve these objectives, the
following biological experiments were carried out as follows:
Effect of rosemary extracts on diabetic and liver malfunctional rats:
Fifty four rats were used for the experiment. They were divided
into 9 groups and each group consists of 6 rats. group (1) was fed only
on the basal diet and served as the negative control group. The other
groups received the different treatments besides feeding on the basal diet.
group (2) was treated with STZ dissolved in 0.1M citrate buffer (pH 4.5)
by a single intraperitonial injection at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight
and served as the positive diabetic control group. group (3), STZ
induced diabetic rats, was treated with alcohol extract of Rosemary orally
by stomach tube with a dose of (200mg/kg body weight) daily for 3
weeks. group (4), STZ induced diabetic rats, was treated with aqueous
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SUMMARY
Nada S.M. Elshaer (2018), M.Sc. Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
extract of Rosemary orally by stomach tube with a dose of (200mg/kg
body weight) daily for 3 weeks. group (5), STZ induced diabetic rats,
was treated with Rosemary essential oil orally by stomach tube with a
dose of (200mg/kg body weight) daily for 3 weeks. group (6) was
treated with CCl4 dissolved in corn oil (50% v/v) by intraperitonial
injection twice a week for 21 days at a dose of 1ml/kg body weight and
served as the positive hepatitis control group. group (7), CCl4 induced
hepatotoxicity, was treated with alcohol extract of Rosemary orally by
stomach tube with a dose of (500mg/kg body weight) day after day for 3
weeks. group (8), CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity, was treated with aqueous
extract of Rosemary orally by stomach tube with a dose of (250mg/kg
body weight) day after day for 3 weeks. group (9), CCl4 induced
hepatotoxicity, was treated with Rosemary essential oil orally by stomach
tube with a dose of (250mg/kg body weight) day after day for 3 weeks.
The adverse effects of CCl4 and streptozotocin compared to the
protective and therapeutic effects of these plant extracts were monitored
through determination of different blood biochemical assays (i.e. AST,
ALT, ALP, fasting blood glucose, postprandial glucose, total protein,
albumin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL) and histological
examinations of liver tissues for CCl4 groups and pancreas for STZ
groups.
The obtained results can be summarized as follows:
A- Therapeutic effect of (alcoholic, aqueous and oil) extracts of
Rosemary plant on the acute hyperglycemia induced by
streptozotocin in rats:
There were slight increase in the levels of fasting and postprandial
blood glucose for the positive control, and gradual decrease for diabetic
rats treated with alcoholic, aqueous and oil extracts of rosemary during
three weeks. The alcoholic extract of rosemary was found to have
therapeutic potential. It possesses hypoglycemic properties but the
aqueous and oil extracts of rosemary were more efficient, (restoring the
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SUMMARY
Nada S.M. Elshaer (2018), M.Sc. Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
levels of fasting and postprandial blood glucose to their normal ranges
after 21 days).
B- Therapeutic effect of alcoholic, aqueous and oil extracts of
rosemary plant on Triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC),
(HDL) and (LDL):
The serum lipid parameters triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL
in the STZ diabetic rats increased while HDL decreased in comparison
with negative control group, since it amounted in rats administrated
alcoholic extract and aqueous extract of rosemary (46.1 and 49.8 mg/dl
respectively). There is significant difference between these two groups
and the control one. However the HDL in group administrated rosemary
oil is amounted (55.1 mg/dl) and this amount is significantly higher than
both positive control (42.2 mg/dl) and negative control (51.3 mg/dl).
C- Protective effect of Rosemary extracts on the liver toxicity induced
by CCl4 in rats:
1. Effect of alcoholic, aqueous and oil extracts of rosemary on the
liver functions in rats treated with CCl4:
1.1. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity:
The difference between both (negative and positive control) and
the activity of ALT in the rats treated by alcoholic and aqueous extracts of
rosemary is significant. The protective effects of the plant extracts against
liver toxicant occurred by decreasing the activities of this enzyme. The
alcoholic and aqueous rosemary extracts weren’t restored to the normal
values. However the oil extract was restored to its normal control. i.e. the
difference between positive control and ALT in rats treated by rosemary
oil is not significant.
1.2. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity:
The difference between both (negative and positive control) and
the activity of AST in the rats treated by alcoholic and aqueous extracts of
rosemary is significant. The protective effects of the plant extracts against
liver toxicant occurred by decreasing the activities of this enzyme. The
alcoholic and aqueous rosemary extracts weren’t restored to the normal
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SUMMARY
Nada S.M. Elshaer (2018), M.Sc. Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
values. However the oil extract was restored to their normal control. i.e.
the difference between positive control and AST in rats treated by
rosemary oil is not significant.
1.3. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity:
There is no difference recorded between (negative and positive
control) and (aqueous and alcoholic) treatments. The protective effects of
the plant extracts against liver toxicant occurred by decreasing the
activities of this enzyme. The alcoholic and aqueous rosemary extracts
weren’t restored to the normal values. However the oil extract restored to
their normal control. The difference between positive control and ALP in
rats treated by rosemary oil is not significant.
1.4. Serum protein:
The data showed no significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences among the
levels of serum total protein and serum albumin for the rats received the
different treatments compared to the negative and positive controls.
2. Effect of alcoholic, aqueous and oil extracts of rosemary on the
serum lipid profile in rats treated with CCl4:
There were no significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences in the levels of
serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL for the rats received
the rosemary extracts (alcoholic, aqueous) and its oil compared to the
negative control.
Effect of alcoholic, aqueous extracts and oil rosemary on the
histological investigations of pancreas in rats treated with STZ:
Histological examinations of pancreas of rats from the negative
control group revealed the normal histological structure of pancreatic
parenchyma. In contrary, pancreas of rats treated with STZ showed
vacuolation of epithelial lining pancreatic acini and vacuolation of cells of
islets of Langerhan‘s. The rats treated with STZ plus alcoholic extract of
rosemary don’t have histopathological changes noticed in pancreas.
Examined sections from rats treated with STZ plus aqueous extract of
rosemary showed no changes except congestion of pancreatic blood
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SUMMARY
Nada S.M. Elshaer (2018), M.Sc. Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ.
vessel. However, pancreas of rats treated with STZ plus rosemary oil
revealed no histopathological changes.
Effect of alcoholic, aqueous extracts and oil rosemary on the
histological investigations of liver in rats treated with CCl4:
Histological examinations of liver tissues liver of rats from the
negative control group revealed the normal histological structure of
hepatic lobule. Moreover, liver of rats treated with CCl4 revealed
fibroplasia in the portal triad, cystic dilatation of bile duct, fibroblasts
proliferation between the hepatic lobules. Meanwhile, liver of rats treated
with CCl4 plus alcoholic extract of rosemary showed slight activation of
Kupffer cells, with congestion of central vein and hepatic sinusoids.
Moreover, examined liver of rats treated with CCl4 plus aqueous extract
of rosemary revealed Kupffer cells activation, fibroblasts proliferation
between the hepatic lobules, cytoplasmic vacuolation of hepatocytes and
focal mononuclear cells infiltration. However, liver of rats treated with
CCl4 plus rosemary oil showed slight activation of Kupffer cells, slight
fibroplasia in the portal triad and slight cytoplasmic vacuolation of some
hepatocytes