الفهرس 
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Name: Heba Mohamed Sayed Faramawy
Title : Physiological and Biochemical Studies on Moringa Species in Egypt.
Degree: master of Science in Botany (Plant Physiology)
Submitted to: Botany Department, Faculty of Science Ain-Shams University.
Moringa oleifera and Moringa peregrina are considered as two of the world̓̓̓̓̓̓̓,s most useful trees, every part of the tree have an impressive effect of food, medicine and industrial processes. For these reasons fully expanded leaves and mature seeds of the two trees were analyzed in the present investigation
Two experiments were carried out in the present investigation. The first one was conducted to study the effect of Moringa oleifera and Moringa peregrina leaf extracts (20%, 10%, 5% and 2.5%) alone or in combination with 100 mM NaCl on growth parameters of sweet basil plant (Ocimum basilicum L.). Both species of Moringa leaf extracts (MLE) stimulated most of the growth parameters of sweet basil plant, while NaCl significantly reduced them. Moringa leaf extracts alleviated the adverse effects of salinity on basil plant growth. The best concentration of MLE which stimulated basil growth is (10%). Basil plants irrigated with Moringa oleifera or Moringa peregrina leaf extract (10%) either alone or in combination with 100 mM NaCl were analyzed for photosynthetic and anthocyanin pigments content, carbohydrate and proline contents, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase; SOD, catalase ; CAT, peroxidase ; POX, ascorbic acid oxidase; ASO, ascorbic acid peroxidase ; APX, polyphenol oxidase ; PPO).The inhibition induced by salinity was associated with decreases in each of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, anthcoyanin content, polysaccharide and total carbohydrate contents in leaves. However, significant increases in total soluble sugars in leaves, proline level in leaves and roots, lipid peroxidation (MDA) in leaves and roots, SOD, CAT, POX, APX, ASO and PPO activities in leaves and roots of sweet basil plant were observed.
Application of Moringa oleifera or Moringa peregrina leaf extracts could alleviate the adverse effect of salinity by stimulating the growth and green yield accompanied by increases in the aforementioned physiological parameters of sweet basil plant.
The second experiment was carried out to study the mitigation of cadmium toxicity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using the coagulant defatted M. oleifera or M. peregrina seeds powder.
Results showed that adding M. oleifera or M. peregrina seeds powder to the soil (3g/kg soil) reduced the toxic effect of Cd (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM) and increased the growth and certain physiological parameters of wheat plant in terms of shoot and root length, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, relative water content, photosynthetic pigments and decreased Cd2+ content in roots and shoots of wheat plant.
Finally, in the present experiment it is concluded that toxicity of Cd can be mitigated through two strategies. First by coagulating the Cd ions in the soil by Moringa seeds powder and preventing their absorption and translocation to the plant, since the extracts of M. oleifera and M. peregrina seeds contain 6 protein bands having the same molecular weights but with different intensities (MWts: 64.5, 51.4, 41.2, 38.0, 27.9, and 18.9 KDa), some or all of them might be coagulant agents. While second one by binding Cd2+ with the induced peptides in wheat leaves affecting sequestration of heavy metals in vacuole as metallothioneins or phytochelatins and thus capable of detoxifying Cd2+.
Key words:
Moringa oleifera - Moringa peregrina – Ocimum basilicum - Triticum asetivum – proline – anthocyanins – antioxidant enzymes – protein profile – coagulant agent.