الفهرس 
Introduction
Ecological StudiesOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The peach fruit fly, B. zonata (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most important insect pests which attack many of fruit crops (such as peach, apricot, guava, citrus and figs). the present study was conducted the Faculty of the Agricultural farm, South Valley University, Qena government during the two successive seasons, (2013 and 2014).
The study addressed the following topics:
5.1 Ecological studies:
5.1.1 Seasonal abundance of B. zonata:
Males were active throughout the period extending from early January and until the December months on both Guava, Orange and Sider trees during season (2013). Meanwhile there were little difference in insect activity during the second season (2014), captured males recorded two peaks annually.
5.1.2 Monthly variations in the population of B. zonata adult males
the optimal and favorable periods of insect population growth were recorded on February, March, April, May, August, September and October in both seasons. When temperatures ranged between 33.67 to 15.68 ° C and relative humidity recorded 17.86 to 45.6%.
Meanwhile, the most unfavorable periods were observed during t June, July, November and December at both seasons. When temperatures were ranged between 18.15 to 26.0 ° C and relative humidity were recorded 36.49 to 36%.
5.1.3 Numbers, duration and the annual generations of B. zonata recorded in the field:
Seven generations were obtained during each season under Qena district conditions. During the first season 2013, seven generations were recorded from January 8 to February 12, February 12 to March 19, March19 to April 23, April 23 to July 9, July 9 to August 20, August 20 to Sept 24 and from September 24 to the end of November 2013 respectively. These generations lasted 36, 36, 36, 78, 42, 36 and 62 days for 1st, 2nd ,3rd ,4th ,5th ,6th and 7th generation, respectively.
During the second season (2014), these generations were occurred on January 29 to, January 29, January 29 to February 26, February 22 to April 2, April 2 to Jane 11, Jane11 to July 23, July 23 to October 8, and October 8 to November 11. These generations lasted 29, 29, 36, 60, 52, 76 and 42 days for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th generations, respectively.
5.1.4 Predicting of B. zonata annual generations using heat unit accumulation:
The Prediction of the field annual peaks were carried out by studding the relationship between the accumulation thermal heat units expressed as degree –days (DDs) and the population of B. zonata flies during the period starting from early January to late December of both seasons. Comparison between the expected peaks (as calculated required heat accumulation) and observed ones (that occurred in the field) for each generation. during the first season observed peaks were recorded from January 29th, March 12th, April 16th, May 7Th, May 21st , August 13th, September 3rd, October 15th and December 17th. Meanwhile the expected peaks were in March 7, April 15, May 16, June 7, July 1, July 24, August 17, September 11, October 9 and November19.
During the second season observed peaks occurred in January 22, February 19th . March 26th, April 30th , May 21st, Jane18th, October 1st , October 15th , November 12th , November 26th and December 17th. While, the expected peaks achieved on February 9th, April 2nd , May 2nd , May 29th , June 21st , July 14th , August 6th , October 1st , October 22nd and December 9th .
5.1.5 Effect of certain main weather factors on the change in population densities of peach fruit fly, B. zonata represented by total weekly catch at Qena governorate during two successive seasons.
The obtained data revealed that, the temperatures (maximum and minimum) had significant positive correlation with the population densities of B. zonata on guava and insignificant correlations were recorded on orang and sider during the first season of 2013. While, during 2014 significant positive correlation was recorded on sider and insignificant correlation were obtained in case of orang and guava.
the correlation coefficient (r) between the relative humidity and pest population recorded insignificant negative correlation. (r=-.43, -0.41 and -0.32) for guava, orange and sider, in 2013, respectively. Few differences were recorded in the second season (2014).
Results also revealed that the three studied weather factors were responsible, as a group, on the changes in the population densities at Qena Governorate. The percentages of explained variance were 14.5 % and 15.8 % for the first and second seasons, respectively.
The results showed that combination of all abiotic factors contributed a significant role in the population density of B. zonata in Guava rather than a single factor (R2=0.278, R2=.72) for 2013 and 2014 seasons.
5.1.6 The distribution of peach fruit fly, B. zonata infestation within guava trees:
The B. zonata infestation was reached its high value in the north side of both seasons. Moreover, the upper level of guava trees exhibited the highest infestation with B. zonata during both seasons.
5.1.7 The efficacy of three different types of traps in capturing fruit flies in guava orchard.
The results revealed that the sex attraction trap saturated by methyl eugenol (ME) were the most efficient for detecting seasonal activity of B. zonata. This sex attractant trap cached the highest numbers of flies follow by bottle trap. While the plastic trap was less effective.
5.2 Biological studies:
5.2.1 Effect of different constant temperatures on the development of immature stages of the peach fruit fly, B. zonata:
5.2.1.1 Egg stage and hatchability:
The developmental time required for egg stage varied from 2 ± 0.4 to 9.5±0.64days. Negative relationship was observed between constant temperatures and incubation period. The lowest threshold of egg development was 12oC, the thermal units required for development of this stage averaged 37.39 DD’s. The mean hatchability percentage varied from 20.25±0.85 to 83.0±2.20 %.
5.2.1.2 Larva stage
Larval duration ranged from 4 to 29 days according to constant temperatures. Larvae reared at 30 oC pupated in significantly faster time than that development at other three constant temperatures. Relationship was found between population percentage and constant temperatures.
Lower threshold of development (to) for the larval stage was13 oC, while the average of thermal units required for the development of this stage was 79.5 DD’s.
5.2.1.3 Pupa stage:
Duration of pupae ranged between 7 to 39 days, there was negative relationship between the pupation periods and evaluated constant temperatures. Lower threshold of pupal development was 10.9 oC. The thermal units required for the development of this stage averaged 149.39 DD’s. The highest percentage of adult emergency was occurred at 25 oC. While, the lowest was recorded at 15 oC. Results of statistical analysis showed that the optimum temperature for pupation was occurred at 25 oC. The pupation percentages were 51±.48, 73±.48, 87±.48 and 75±.63 at 15, 20, 25 and 30 oC, respectively.
5.2.1.3.1 Adult emergence:
The favorable range for the pupae to develop and emergence were occurred on 25 to 30 oC. The emergence percentage at different temperatures were 42 ±1.19, 68±.91, 83±1.03 and 72 ±.4 at 15, 20, 25 and 30 oC, respectively.
5.3 Toxicological studies:
5.3.1 Toxicity of ten essentials oils against 1-day-old pupa of B. zonata.
The obtained results indicated that all the tested plant essential oils had significantly affected on the one-day-old pupae. Moreover, efficiency of the tested oils was the same at both LC50 levels. According to the toxicological results obtained Eucalyptus oil, Basil oil and Onion oil could be recommended for spraying underneath to kill of B. zonata pupae.