الفهرس 
Introduction and aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the United States, after skin cancer. It is the second leading cause of death from cancer in men. Prostate cancer occurs more often in African-American men than in white men. African-American men with prostate cancer are more likely to die from the disease than white men with prostate cancer (Loeb & Cooperberg, 2014).
The earlier prostate cancer usually has no clear symptoms. Sometimes, however, prostate cancer does cause symptoms. These include frequent urination, nocturia, difficulty starting, maintaining a steady stream of urine, hematuria and dysuria. Advanced prostate cancer can spread to other parts of the body, possibly causing additional symptoms. The most common symptom is bone pain, often in the vertebrae (bones of the spine), pelvis, or ribs. Spread of cancer into other bones, such as the femur is usually to the proximal or nearby parts of the bone. Prostate cancer in the spine can also compress the spinal cord, causing tingling, leg weakness and urinary & fecal incontinence (Sciarra, Panebianco & Gentile, 2014).
There are also several investigations that can be used togather more information about the prostate and the urinary tract. Digital rectal examination (DRE) may allow a physician to detect prostate abnormalities. Cystoscopy, transrectal ultrasonography used to help detect, and also, ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the two main imaging methods used for prostate cancer detection (Fitzgeraid, 2015).
The treatment options for men with prostate cancer might include; expectant management (watchful waiting) or active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, cryosurgery, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, vaccine treatment, bone-directed treatment. In some instances, physicians recommend ”watchful waiting” (Centento, 2014).
The biopsychosocial approach in health care emphasizes the importance of understanding human health and illness in their fullest context. It considers biological, psychological, social factors and their complex interactions in understanding health, illness and access to health care. This approach acknowledges that both the natural and social sciences are relevant to medical practice. In addition, psychological and social factors should be understood as significant in the patient’s disease process, prognosis and ability to access care (Berger, Shuster & Roenn, 2013).
Aim of the study:
This study aimed to assess the biopsychosocial needs of patients with prostate cancer through assessing physical, psychological and social needs.
Research Question:
What are the biopsychosocial needs of prostate cancer patients?
Setting:
The study was conducted at the clinics of the Oncology center affiliated to Ain Shams University.
Subject & methods:
A purposive sample of 80 adult patients diagnosed with prostate cancer from whom admitted in the previous mentioned setting at the time of data collection were recruited in this study.
Tools for data collection:
It was divided to three tools, which were adapted and modified and the other developed by the researcher based on related literature, it was written in a simple Arabic language, and filled by the researcher.
Three tools were used in the current study; it included the following tools:
I- An interview questionnaire tool: (Appendix I).
This tool was divided into two parts:
Part 1: Demographic data:
It was used to assess the demographic characteristics as patients` age, occupation, marital status, level of education, smoking and socioeconomic status as number of family members, housing condition, & income per month. It was developed by the researcher based on related literatures and it was written in the simple Arabic language.
Part 2: clinical data assessment.
It was used to collect data about the patient’s health status, as patient history, family history & previous medical history. It was developed by the researcher using the most recent literatures (Wraa, Watson & Osborn, 2014, Pellico, 2013, Green &Neighbor 2011, Kockrow & christense, 2011, & Smeltzer & Bare, 2010).
II- Prostate cancer patient needs assessment tool (Appendix II).
This tool was divided into three parts to assess prostate cancer patient`s needs with scoring test to assess it as ” pain, sexual problems, depression”, through assessing physical, psychological and social needs. It was written in a simple Arabic language, and filled by the researcher.
III- Informational needs assessment tool (Appendix III).
This tool was adapted from (School of Nursing, University of Ulster, Magee Campus, 2003 Soeyonggo, Warde, Timilishina, Alibha & Fleshner, 2012), and also modified by the researcher.
Results:
The important findings obtained from the study can be summarized as following:
• It was 90% of the studied patients ages were from sixty years old and above.
• from the studied patients 91.25% were married and 90% had insufficient income per month.
As regards physical problems, 86.25% of the studied patients had impotence, 80% had a lack of erection of penis and 77.5% suffered from loss of sexual desire and 63.75% of the studied patients had diarrhea and 53.75% had nausea. Moreover, 83.75% of them had suffered from Skin inflammation & flush in different parts of the body, 76.25% had sweating, 73.75% had breast tenderness or gynecomastia and 97.5% had difficulty sleeping.
Added to that, 72.5% of the studied patients suffered from pelvic pain and 90% had pain in other areas which concentrated on back, chest, abdomen and other areas as bones and lower limbs.
In relation to psychological needs, the most of the studied patients sometimes suffer from feeling sorry, sad, depression, nervousness, anxiety, worries, psychological pressures, fear of the future and feeling loss of role as a man “Manlessness”.
In relation to the social needs, 88.75% of the studied patients needed a special person to be near them, 86.25% of them need a special person to share their joys and sorrows, 83.75% felt that they cause a physical burden for families and also 86.25% of them need a financial support for their expenses of treatment.
As regard the patient`s informational needs, 56.25% of the studied patients hadn`t an information about the nature of prostate cancer, 63.75% of them didn`t know the causes and 57.5% of them didn`t know the disease symptoms. Add to it, 72.5% of the studied patients need information about the therapeutic interventions and 80% of them lacked knowledge about caring for themselves at home.
The important recommendations inferred from the study results were:
1- Health awareness about the importance of early screening for prostate cancer at the age of fifty.
2- Health education programs about the prostate cancer, treatment modalities and self care should be provided for patients with prostate cancer using new methods of teaching such as booklet assisted instructions and home videos.
3- Supportive care services should be directed towards meeting biopsychosocial needs.
4- Psycho-oncology clinics should be provided to meet prostate cancer patients needs and consequently improve the quality of life for those patients.
5- Further studies about the effect of the biopsychosocial needs of the patient`s quality of life & outcomes, should be encouraged.