الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Environmental studies to El-Salam canalOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Established Salam Canal project to irrigate 650 000 hectares of reclamation of new land in the west and east regions of the Suez Canal by mixing water El-Salam Canal with El-Serw and Hadous drains by (1: 1), and despite the existence of numerous studies to evaluate the pollutants on water, soil and vegetation to the surrounding environment, but it did not touch the health impact of the effect of the use of cultivated and irrigated crops in these region, especially vegetables plants, so this work highlighted the case of some heavy metals and micro-nutrients and pollutants into water, soil and some vegetable plants.
Several field visits were done during the seasons of summer of 2013 and the winter of 2014 to evaluate and study quality and effect of El-Salam Canal irrigation water on some irrigated vegetables and their associated soil so water samples were collected along 86-kilometers representative of the canal until the West Qantara from eight locations, namely, (the River Nile Damietta branch, El-Serw and Bahr-Hadous drains, before and after both drains, Qantara West). And it was estimated the properties of chemical, biological, microbiological, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biological Oxygen Demand, concentrations of some heavy metals and micronutrients, namely, (Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn), as plants samples collected vegetable plants (okra, mallow, rocket) and (mallow, cabbage, garlic) and soil associated of rizosphere area during the seasonal summer and winter respectively in four sites irrigated by (Nile River Damietta branch, after mixing El-Serw and Bahr-Hadous drains, Qantara West). For each season the split plot design with three replicates, where the main plots devoted to three studied plant species, while sub-main plots were occupied by 4 sites.
Estimate the elements copper, manganese, zinc, chromium at plants and soil extracts in addition to collected 19 cultivated plant vegetables which irrigated with water El-Salam canal after mixing with El-Serw and Bahr-Hadous to evaluate the concentrations of copper, zinc Rana H. Hassan Abou Noufel, M.Sc. Thesis, 2015 and manganese and cobalt in the shoot parts and make assessment of the health risks resulting from the consumption for both children or persons adults through the application of some equations.
Results can be summarized as follows:-
A) Water analysis:-
1) PH values for both seasons are slightly alkaline to alkaline within the permissible guidelines. Water salinity represented by EC and TDS were increases from west to east especially after mixing with EL-Serw and Bahr-Hadous Drains.
2) The highest concentrations of (Al, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were found in both Drains and after mixing with them.
3) Among all studied elements, Mn concentration is 1.29, 1.30 times in summer and 1.51, 1.28 times in winter for Bahr Hadous and after mixing with it, respectively higher than recommended limits.
(4) 1994 revised at 2011 (100 mg/l). While biological oxygen Demand (BOD), EL-Serw Drain contains 6.3 times in summer higher than guidelines (60 mg/l) with no elevation in winter season.
(5) With regard to the bacteriological analysis of studied samples of water, it was found that (TVBCS) For both (EL-Serw and Bahr Hadous) were exhibited an elevation by 1750 X 102 and 1970 X 102 (cfu/mL); respectively in summer season but low in winter season by 350 and 420 (cfu /mL); respectively.
(6) Regarding to chemical oxygen demand, Bahr Hadous Drain contains 1.4 & 1.3 times in summer and winter seasons; respectively higher than the Egyptian permissible limits law
(7) Shigella sp., Pseudomonas sp., klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp. Were detected in studied water samples.
Rana H. Hassan Abou Noufel, M.Sc. Thesis, 2015
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
B) Plant analysis:-
(1) Effect of plant species on metal accumulation in plants through both seasons:
• Zinc:- Okra, Jew’ s mallow, rocket, mallow, cabbage and garlic vegetables Zn contents ranged from 15.023 - 28.22 ppm in shoot and 15.86 - 29.53 ppm in root as shoot’s okra recorded the highest value among the investigated vegetables which was 28.22 ppm followed mallow with concentration of 23.695 ppm and Jew’s mallow by 22.68 ppm
• Copper:- the cultivated vegetables revealed that, Jew’s mallow ranks the first order as it contains 22.99 ppm and 22.62 ppm in shoot and root; respectively.
• Manganese: - Mn in shoot ranged from 37.401 ppm (in rocket) to 16.582 ppm (garlic) and in root from 10.606 ppm (in mallow) to 48.26 ppm (in rocket).
• Cobalt: - Co shoot ranged from 0.02 ppm (in mallow and garlic) to 3.198 ppm (in rocket) and in root from 0.0467 ppm (in mallow) to 2.043 ppm (in rocket).
(2) Effect of sites on metal accumulation in plants for both seasons:
In summer:- Zn, Cu, Mn and Co in shoot plants the concentrations ranged from 20.73-23.69 ppm and 14.15-26.57 ppm , 24.8-32.46 and 0.02 to 4.62 ppm; respectively.
In Winter:- Zn , Cu, Mn, Co shoot plant concentrations ranged from 15.207 - 24.89 , 4.123 - 7.612 , 15.039 - 32.239 and 0.02 to 0.702 ppm; receptively .
(3) Effect of A significant interactions effects between plant species on plant accumulations:-
• Among both seasons , the highest concentration in shoot of Zinc was found in okra by 37.83 ppm cultivated in soil irrigated after mixing with EL-Serw drain in copper was found in rocket by 40.15 ppm cultivated in soil irrigated after mixing with Bahr Hadous drain in Mn was found in mallow by 51.906 ppm cultivated in soil irrigated by EL-Salam canal at Qantara west in Co was found in rocket by 12.03 ppm cultivated in soil irrigated after mixing with EL-Serw drain.
(4) Effect of Zn , Co ,Mn and contents in edible parts of some vegetable plant :-
• Edible parts of nineteen vegetable plant species as (sweet pepper, cucumber, tomato, radish, turnip, onion, coriander, dill, garlic, cauliflower, wild cucumber, egg-plant, spinach, okra, squash, jew’s mallow, rocket, mallow and cabbage) were affected by the combined irrigation water of EL-Salam canal. Mallow Leaves contained 57.91 mg/kg Zn, over 1.15 times the permissible level ;Cu concentration was (51.19 mg/kg) in leaves and stems of coriander ,over 1.27 times permissible level (40 mg/kg ); Mn concentrations were 96.85, 77.55, 71.08, 70.63 mg/kg , over 4.84, 3.87, 3.55 and 3.53 times in radish ,spinach, mallow and coriander than permissible levels; Co concentrations were 6.9, 5.29, 3.24 , 2.75, 1.62, 1.55 and 1.35 mg/kg, over 6.9, 5.2, 3.2, 2.7 ,1.6 , 1.5 and 1.3 times in rocket, radish, spinach, cucumber, onion, dill and okra than guidelines value (0.1 mg/kg) and the other plant also contained high concentration of studied metals
• the daily metal intake for both adults and children through the consumption of vegetables in this study was less than Oral Reference Doses RFD.
• the values of health risks index of Zn , Cu and Co for both adult and children and Mn for adult through the food chain was no consequences and assumed to be safe except for some vegetable types for Mn children in radish , spinach, mallow, coriander, dill, rocket, cabbage by 2.59, 2.07, 1.9, 1.89, 1.27, 1.09, 1.08; respectively.(c) Soil analysis:-
(1) Chemical constituents of soil:-
• All of studied soil samples were sandy loam textured collected in both seasons values of soil pH ranged from 7.9 to 8.2 and 7.5 to 8.2 in summer and winter seasons; respectively.
• Salinity of the saturation extracts, as evidenced by the EC values is commonly except for El- Salam at Qantara west irrigated soil in summer season that are strongly saline (EC 2830 μmohs /cm).
(2) Effect of plant species, sites and their interaction effects in Cu, Zn, Mn and Co DTPA-extractable contents in rhizosphere soil:
• The effect of plant species explained that the soil (rhizosphere area) to plant mallow contain higher significant concentration of copper elements, zinc, manganese, cobalt 9.427, 1.739, 20.21 and 0.0587 (mg / kg); respectively from the rest of the plants in the summer 2013 season while in the soil rhizosphere area of mallow plants contain concentrations of the elements copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt by 15.655, 16.63, 49.488, 0.4125 ppm; respectively.
• The effect of site which act as sub-main, results of DTPA-extractable for Cu ranged from 5.763 in irrigated soil by Damietta River Nile to 11.124 mg/kg soil irrigated by El- Salam at Qantara west irrigated soil in summer and 10.53 mg/kg in Damietta River Nile irrigated soil to 16.228 mg/kg after irrigated soil by El- Salam after mixing with Bahr Hadous drain and soil irrigated by El- Salam at Qantara west water in winter. These values of DTPA extractable Cu were high than range of adequacy accordingly to the critical value. For Zn data ranged from 0.855 in irrigated soil by Damietta River Nile to 1.923 mg/kg in El- Salam at Qantara west irrigated soil in summer and 6.04 in irrigated soil by Damietta River Nile to 21.134 (c) Soil analysis:-
(1) Chemical constituents of soil:-
• All of studied soil samples were sandy loam textured collected in both seasons values of soil pH ranged from 7.9 to 8.2 and 7.5 to 8.2 in summer and winter seasons; respectively.
• Salinity of the saturation extracts, as evidenced by the EC values is commonly except for El- Salam at Qantara west irrigated soil in summer season that are strongly saline (EC 2830 μmohs /cm).
(2) Effect of plant species, sites and their interaction effects in Cu, Zn, Mn and Co DTPA-extractable contents in rhizosphere soil:
• The effect of plant species explained that the soil (rhizosphere area) to plant mallow contain higher significant concentration of copper elements, zinc, manganese, cobalt 9.427, 1.739, 20.21 and 0.0587 (mg / kg); respectively from the rest of the plants in the summer 2013 season while in the soil rhizosphere area of mallow plants contain concentrations of the elements copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt by 15.655, 16.63, 49.488, 0.4125 ppm; respectively.
• The effect of site which act as sub-main, results of DTPA-extractable for Cu ranged from 5.763 in irrigated soil by Damietta River Nile to 11.124 mg/kg soil irrigated by El- Salam at Qantara west irrigated soil in summer and 10.53 mg/kg in Damietta River Nile irrigated soil to 16.228 mg/kg after irrigated soil by El- Salam after mixing with Bahr Hadous drain and soil irrigated by El- Salam at Qantara west water in winter. These values of DTPA extractable Cu were high than range of adequacy accordingly to the critical value. For Zn data ranged from 0.855 in irrigated soil by Damietta River Nile to 1.923 mg/kg in El- Salam at Qantara west irrigated soil in summer and 6.04 in irrigated soil by Damietta River Nile to 21.134 mg/kg in El- Salam at Qantara west irrigated soil in winter. These values of DTPA extractable Zn were high than range. With regard to Mn which ranged from 11.387 in irrigated soil by Damietta River Nile to 20.249 mg/kg in soil irrigated by El- Salam after mixing with El-Serw drain in summer and 29.624 mg/kg irrigated soil by Damietta River Nile to 64.977 mg/kg in El- Salam after mixing with El-Serw drain in winter, accordingly, it clearly apparent that the studied soils are far higher than the critical level (1.0 mg/kg). For Co metal was ranged from 0.0322 in irrigated soil by Damietta River Nile to 0.09166 mg/kg in El- Salam after mixing with El-Serw drain in summer and from 0.267 in irrigated soil by Damietta River Nile to 0.59 mg/kg in El- Salam after mixing with El-Serw drain.
• Generally, the interaction between plant species and sites showed that available content in soil extraction for Cu, Zn, Mn and Co chemically-extractable in summer season are quite low comparing with contents through winter season soil samples, rhizosphere soil in mallow in S4 was exhibited the highest values by 27.61, 77.547 and 0.7 ppm in Zn, Mn and Co; respectively.
Recommendations can be put formed as follows:
1) El-Salam Canal that used in irrigation water has caused some microbial contamination in irrigation water and become worsen over time, so it has to be worked out periodic studies to keep the Egyptian human health maintain for these areas and consumer irrigated their crops.
2) El-Serw and Bahr-Hadous drains are the main source of contamination of the canal and the unhealthy practices of shepherds inhabitant in the vicinity of the canal from washing their animals in addition to women who used canal to wash their housewares lead to microbial contamination, so it must work pre-treatment for these two drains before mixing with canal and development of legislation and laws that protect canal path of these violations.
3) Levels in soil and vegetables plants of zinc, manganese, copper, didn’t reach the critical levels while cobalt in some vegetable crops may form kind of dangerous by time
4) Gradate the concentration of metals in the edible parts of
vegetable plants from root to leafy then fruiting parts.
5) Further microbial studies and heavy metals concentrations such as chromium, lead, mercury, …. etc. must be determine in the edible parts of cultivated crops in those areas and microbial contamination in both plants and soil.
Rana H.