الفهرس 
Dopamine neurotransmissionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 16 |  |  |
| | | from | 16 | | |
Abstract
6.Dopamine (DA) is a monoamine neurotransmitter distributed in the central neural system brain tissues and body fluids of mammals. It plays pivotal roles in the function of central nervous, renal, hormonal and cardiovascular system. Detection and quantification of DA is important in diagnoses, monitoring, prevention and treatments of some certain diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, epilepsy, pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma.
The main aim of this study investigated the impact of natural polyphenolssupplements (kiwi (Actinidiachinencis), red grapes (Vitisvinifera), peach (Prunuspersica), pineapple(Ananascomsus)and mixtureextracts) to improve dopamine’s tissues and serum reduction.Forty eight albino male rats divided into 7 groups as follows.
(1) Group1 (control (-ve)): was fed on the basel diet only (Healthy rats for 8weeks).
Induction of dopamine reduced:by daily injected I.P by 6-OHDA (100mg/kg) dissolved in 0.9% salinecontaining 0.01% ascorbic acid as an antioxidant for 5 consecutive days.
(2)Group2 (control (+ ve)): divided in to two groups as following:
6-OHDA(a): Rats were only injected (I.P) by (6-OHDA), and were kept feeding on the normal basal diet until the end of the experiment.
6-OHDA(b): Rats were only injected (I.P) by (6-OHDA), and were kept feeding on the normal basal diet for a weekand sacrificed.
(3)Group3: was fed on basel diet plus oral injection of kiwi ext. for 8 weeks, with 6-OHDA injection.
(4)Group4: was fed on basel diet plus oral injection of red grapes ext. for 8 weeks, with 6-OHDA injection.
(5)Group5: was fed on basel diet plus oral injection of peach ext. for 8 weeks, with 6-OHDA injection.
(6)Group6: was fed on basel diet plus oral injection of pineapple ext. for 8 weeks, with 6-OHDA injection. Group
(7)Group7: was fed on basel diet plus oral injection of mixture ext. for 8 weeks, with 6-OHDA injection.
At the end of the biological experiment (8weeks), the blood was collected on weeks1st, 2nd, 4thand the end of the experiment. Rats were weighted at the beginning and once a week. Organs (liver, kidney, heart, brain, lung, spleen, pancreas and testes) were removed rapidly and were weighted separately.Autopsy samples (liver, kidney, heart, brain, lung, spleen, pancreas and testes) were histological examined.
6.1.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), Feed efficiency ratio (FER) and organs weights (ROW) for albino rats:
Data showed decreasing in rat weights gain (BWG),feed intake (FI) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) defer between groups comparing to control. Red grapes and pineapple extracts were shown smallest decline compared to other treatment groups for (BWG), (FI) and (FER).
Significantly, 6-OHDA (a) decreased liver, kidney, heart and brain ratios comparing to control at p≤ 0.05. While 6-OHDA (b) showed a significant increased liver and heart ratios, and decreased kidney and brain ratios comparing to control.6-OHDA (a) showed a significant decreased pancreas and lung ratios and increased spleen and testes ratios comparing to control. While 6-OHDA (b) showed significant increased spleen ratio, and decreased pancreas, lung and testes ratios comparing to control.
6.2.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on liver function for albino rats:
6.2.1.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on bilirubin (total, direct and indirect) for albino rats:
A significant increase of total,direct and indirect bilirubin values were showed at experimentalphases for 6-OHDA groups comparing to control. Pineapple, red grapes and kiwi showed the best decrease for total,direct and indirect bilirubinvaluescompared to 6-OHDA (a) and control.
6.2.2.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on liver function (Aminotransferase enzymes) for albino rats:
The significant GPT increase for 6-OHDA groups in all experimental phases, comparing control. The best decreased GPT value observed for pineapple, kiwi and red grapes comparing to 6-OHDA (a) and control, this shows the recovery of these fruits.
GOThad asignificantincreasing value at experimental phases for 6-OHDA groups respectively comparing to 6-OHDA (a) and control. Mixture extract showed the lowest GOT value.
GGT for 6-OHDA groups showed a significantly increasedat 1st, 2nd,4thand 8th week comparing to control. Observed a significant decreasing in all treatment at all phases and the best values was showed by mixture, kiwi and pineapple extracts comparing to 6-OHDA groups.
6.2.3.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on Protein concentration for albino rats:
Protein concentration for 6-OHDA groupsshowed a significant increasing in all experimental phases comparing to control. All experimental extracts cleared a significant decreased for total protein especial peach, pineapple and mixture which kept the improvement comparing to 6-OHDA serum protein reduction values at all phases.
6.2.4.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) for albino rats:
A significant increasing ALP value at experimental phases for 6-OHDA groups comparing to control.All extracts showed a significant decreased for ALP value at all phases. peachcleared the highest improvement for ALP comparing to 6-OHDA groups.
6.2.5.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on Alpha-a-Fetoprotein (AFP) for albino rats:
A significant increasing AFP value shown for 6-OHDA (a) in 2nd, 4th and 8thweeks, although no significant was shown in 6-OHDA (b) in 1st week comparing to control. While a decreasing significant AFP value has been shown in all treatment at all experimental phases comparing 6-OHDA (a).
6.3.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on lipids profile for albino rats:
6.3.1. Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on total cholesterol (CHL) for albino rats:
Total cholesterol increased at 2nd, 1st, 8th and 4thweek, respectively for 6-OHDA (a) and 6-OHDA (b) comparing control. Mixture, red grapes and kiwi showed the highest improvement for total cholesterol in the end of experiment, comparing 6-OHDA groups.
6.3.2.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA onTriglycerides(TG) for albino rats:
A significant increasing for TG has been shown for 6-OHDA groups at the experimental phases comparing control. Dramatic decrease in TG especially for kiwi followed by red grapes and mixture recorded the highest TG recovery comparing to 6-OHDA (a).
6.3.3.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) for albino rats:
At 1st, 2nd,4thand 8thweek, a significant increased has been shown in LDL serum levelcomparing to control. Kiwi and red grapeshad the best improvement at experimental phases comparing to 6-OHDA (a).
6.3.4.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c) for albino rats:
HDL for 6-OHDAgroups recorded a significantdecreasedat experimental phases comparing control. All treatments groups, especial pineapple extractsobserved a significant decreased for HDL valuecomparingto6-OHDA (a).
6.3.5.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on very Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (vLDL-c) for albino rats:
Risk factor showed significant increase through 6-OHDA groups at the experimental phases comparing control. The highest improvement of vLDL cleared by kiwi, red grapes, peach and mixture comparedto 6-OHDA (a).
6.4.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on serum suger for albino rats:
Glucose had increasing significant value for 6-OHDA groups in all phasescomparing to control. A significant decreasedof glucose value for all fruits extracts comparing to 6-OHDA groups. Mixture had highest recovery in the end comparing 6-OHDA (a).
6.5.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on kidney function for albino rats:
6.5.1. Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on creatinine for albino rats:
A significant increasing increatinine value for 6-OHDA groups in all phases comparing to control. Extracts were showed a significant decreased of creatinine value at all experimental phases comparing to 6-OHDA (a). Red grapes followed by peach cleared the highest improvement of creatinine value comparing to 6-OHDA (a).
6.5.2. Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on urea for albino rats:
Significant increased for urea value by 6-OHDA groups in 1st, 2nd,4thand 8th weekcomparing to control. The best of urea improvement cleared by pineapple extract comparing to 6-OHDA (a) in experimental phases.
6.5.3.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on uric acid for albino rats:
Significantlyelevation ofuric acid concentration at experimental phases for 6-OHDA groups comparing to control.Our extracts recorded a significant decreased of uric acid concentration at experimental phases comparing to 6-OHDA (a) especial mixture extract which showed highest improve of uric acid concentration.
6.6.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on serum ions for albino rats:
6.6.1.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on iron (Fe +2)serum concentration ions for albino rats:
Significantly, iron serum concentration showed increasing value by 6-OHDA groupscomparing to control. Kiwi extract shown the highest value at experimental phases comparing to 6-OHDA (a) and control.
6.6.2.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on calcium (Ca+2)serum concentration for albino rats:
A significant increasing for calcium serum concentration by 6-OHDA groups at 1st, 2nd, 4th and 8th week comparing to control.Experimental extracts succeeded to the recovery of calcium serum concentration for all phases especial kiwi and pineapple extracts comparing to 6-OHDA (a) and control.
6.7.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on Butyryl Cholinesterase (ChE)for albino rats:
6-OHDA administration showed significant destruction in 1st, 2nd, 4th and 8thweek compared with control. Decreasing significantly cleared by experimental extracts especially mixture extract and peach extract which hadhighest improve of ChE enzyme comparing to 6-OHDA (a).
6.8.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on antioxidants enzymes activity for albino rats:
6.8.1. Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on total antioxidant concentration (TAC) for albino rats:
Reduction total antioxidantsconcentration (TAC) significantly observed by 6-OHDA groups comparing control at 1st, 2nd, 4th and 8th week. Extractswere shown a significant increasing in total antioxidants concentration (TAC) comparing to 6-OHDA (a) at experimental phases. Especially mixture extract and kiwi extract comparing to 6-OHDA (a).
6.8.2.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on Nitric oxide (NO) for albino rats:
An increasing significant nitric oxide observed by 6-OHDA groups in experimental phases comparing to control. Fruits showed a reduction in nitric oxide particularly kiwi, red grapes comparing to 6-OHDA (a)in experimental phases.
6.8.3.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on total glutathione reduced (GSH) activity for albino rats:
Significantly, decreasing in GSH for 6-OHDA groups at 1st, 2nd, 4thand 8thweek comparing control. Mixture, red grapes and kiwi recorded a significant increased GSH value comparing to 6-OHDA (a).
6.8.4. Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on Lipid peroxidation (MDA) for albino rats:
Lipid peroxidation (MDA) significantly was observed a significant increasing by 6-OHDA groups in 1st, 2nd, 4th and 8thweek comparing to control. All fruits showed a significant decreasing in MDA value, especial pineapple extract whichhad the best improvement of MDA value comparing to 6-OHDA (a).
6.8.5.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on Superoxide dismutase (SOD) for albino rats:
Decreasing significant SOD observed in 6-OHDA groups at 1st, 2nd,4thand 8thweekcomparing to control. Extracts recorded a significant decreased of SOD value comparing to 6-OHDA (a) and control at experimental phases especial red grapes and mixture extracts.
6.8.6.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on Catalase (CAT) for albino rats:
A significant decreased in catalase activity shown for 6-OHDA groups at experimental phases comparing to control. Fruits extract shown a significant increase in catalase (CAT) value especially peach and pineapple extractscomparing to 6-OHDA (a) and control.
6.9.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibodies:
Significant increasing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibodies at 1st, 2nd, 4th and8thweek for 6-OHDA groups comparing to control.All extracts showed a significant decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibodies comparing to 6-OHDA (a). Red grapes, kiwi and peach showed highest TH-antibodies at experimental phases comparing to 6-OHDA groups.
6.10.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on complet blood count (CBC) for albino rats:
A significant decreased has been shown by 6-OHDA groups comparing to control. Pineapple and mixture recorded highest platelet count comparing to 6-OHDA (a).
General, a significant increased by 6-OHDA groups for hemoglobin and hematocrit comparing to control. Red grapesand peach extracts observed a significant decreasing of hemoglobin value comparingto 6-OHDA (a).Kiwi,peach and mixture extracts showed decreasing hematocrit value comparing to 6-OHDA (a).
Red grapes showed highest decline in RBC, kiwi and pineapple extracts showed lowest decline. While WBC observed a significant decreased for 6-OHDA (a), 6-OHDA (b) showed a significant increased comparing control. Kiwi extract observed a significant WBC increased comparing 6-OHDA (a) and control, in spite of that showed a significant WBC decreased comparing 6-OHDA (b). Mixture extract recorded WBC higher than red grapes and pineapple extracts WBC comparing 6-OHDA (a). On the other hand, peach extract showed lowest WBC decreased comparing 6-OHDA groups and control.
Lymphocytes has been shown a significant decreasing value for 6-OHDA (a) and fruits extracts but 6-OHDA (b) showed a significant increased comparing control. While Monocyte shown a significant increasing value for 6-OHDA groups comparing to control. Pineapple showed highest Lymphocytes value comparing to 6-OHDA (a) and control. Kiwi followed by pineapple extracts observed higher Monocyte value comparing 6-OHDA (a) and control.
6.11. Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on organs tissues for albino rats:
6.11.1.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on liver tissues for albino rats
Peach, pineapple, red grapes and mixture improved the reduction which caused by 6-OHDA. It histological examined was showedfibroblasts proliferation around the bile duct and slight congestion of hepatic sinusoids, cytoplasmic vacuolization of hepatocytes and sinusoidal leukocytosis.
6.11.2. Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on kidney tissues for albino rats:
Normal histological structures were showed by kiwi, red grapes, pineapple and mixture. However, peach peach extract showed focal necrosis of renal tubules associated with inflammatory cells infiltration and thickening of parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule and presence of proteinaceous cast in the lumen of renal tubules compared to 6-OHDA groups whose showed vacuolation of endothelial lining glomerular tuft, perivascular oedema, vacuolar degeneration of epithelial lining renal tubules, presence of proteinaceous cast in the lumen of renal tubules and cystic dilatation of renal tubules.
6.11.3.Effect ofdopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on testes tissues for albino rats:
Kiwi, red grapes, peach, pineapple and mixture extracts showed normal histological testes structure of seminiferous tubules with complete spermatogenesis and sperm production with no histopathological changes,comparing to 6-OHDA (b)which revealed atrophy of seminiferous tubules, interstitial oedema and degeneration of spermatogoneal cells lining seminiferous tubules.
6.11.4.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on brain tissues for albino rats:
Brain for 6-OHDA (a) showed necrosis of neurons, neuronophagia and haemorrhage in the meninges,necrosis of neurons, neuronophagia and focal gliosis.Kiwi extract showed focal gliosis. However, red grapes extract showed cellular oedema and focal gliosis. Peach and pineapple extracts revealed necrosis of neurons and neuronophagia. No histopathological changes were observed in mixture extract.
6.11.5.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA onheart tissues for albino rats:
Dopamine reduction effected on heart tissues which showed congestion of myocardial blood vessel and intermuscularoedema with few inflammatory cells infiltration and myolysis of focal myocytes associated with intermuscularoedema.Kiwi extract showed slight intermuscularoedema. Other sections from kiwi, red grapes, peach, pineapple and mixture extracts showed normal histological structure.
6.11.6Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on lung tissues for albino rats:
Peach, pineapple and mixture cleared normal lung histological structure compared to lungsfor 6-OHDA (a) and (b) revealed perivascular inflammatory cells infiltration, interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary hemorrhage associated with inflammatory cells infiltration, congestion of pulmonary blood vessel, slight thickening of interstitial tissue and focal interstitial pneumonia.
6.11.7.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on Pancreas tissues for albino rats:
Mixture plays acritical role in pancreas tissues which appeared no histological changes. Therefore, promoted islets of Langerhan’s which destroyed by 6-OHDA the mean showed vacuolation of cells of islets of Langerhan’s, inflammatory cells infiltration around the pancreatic duct, vacuolation of epithelial cells lining pancreatic acini and necrosis of cells of islets of Langerhan’s associated with congestion.
6.11.8.Effect of dopamine reduction by 6-OHDA on spleen tissues for albino rats:
By histological examined, cleared dopamine reduction on spleen tissues which lead to revealed slight lymphocytic necrosis and depletion, lymphocytic necrosis and depletion as well as focal fibrinoid necrosis. Moreover, kiwi, red grapes, peach, pineapple and mixture extracts showed normal histological structure. So we can say fruits (kiwi, red grapes, peach and pineapple)play an important role to improve immune system.
In light of the findings of the study results, we recommend the following:
• To avoid the serious physiological disorders duo to infliction with decreasing Blood and tissues dopamine Level (DAR) (Dopamine reduction), patients should be supported along with usual natural antioxidant sources.
• Increase the awareness about Nutritional and health beneficial role of natural antioxidants for consumers.
• For more studies about the relationship of dopamine different types of cancer.