الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The use of ultrasound for pediatric regional anesthesia and pediatric
intensive care is relatively new, however interest in this application is
grawing rapidly. Published reports of ultrasound guided techniques in
pediatric anesthesia have largely focused on the safety and efficacy in
pediatric patients.
Regional anesthesia is an important part of pediatric anesthesia and plays
a key role in peri-operative multimodal analgesic regimens. In recent years,
the popularity of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks has significantly increased
out of the recognition of its higher efficacy and safety.
The study of the physical principles of the ultrasound makes the usage of
the ultrasound unit much easier and also helps the user to choose the proper
probe and frequency for the purpose needed. The nature of ultrasound waves
being reflected, refracted and scattered is the corner stone for the principle of
action of ultrasound which makes it possible to visualize different tissues
with various depth from the probe.
It is imperative to have a good knowledge of the anatomical and
physiological differences between an adult and pediatric patients for conduct
of safe anesthesia. The differences in anatomical and physiological
characteristics make anesthetic management different and extremely
challenging for the anesthesiologist.
The use of ultrasound guidance has provided an opportunity to perform
many peripheral nerve blocks that would have been difficult to perform in
children based on pure landmark techniques. Different techniques were
proposed for peripheral nerve blocks and central neuraxial blocks which
Summary
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describe mainly the blocks for upper limb, lower limb, abdominal wall,
epidural and caudal blocks which provide intra and post operative anesthesia
and analgesia in pediatrics which are becoming more easy and effective
using the ultrasound units.
In neonates, infants and young children central venous catheters and
arterial cannulation are of vital importance during surgery as well as
postoperative care. However, percutaneous catheter insertion in infants is a
challenge even for experienced anesthesiologists. Ultrasound - guidance
technique is becoming the gold standard for vascular access because it can
both increase the success rate and decrease the complications.