الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was conducted to carry out the molecular and epidemiological studies on some zoonotic enteric protozoa in animals and human beings and to clarify the role of the animals in transmitting such protozoa to man. For this purpose, the following points were investigated. 1. Occurrence of intestinal protozoa in animals. 2. Occurrence of intestinal protozoa in man. 3. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica in fecal and stool samples of animals and man. Part 1 .Occurrence of the intestinal protozoa in animals: In this study, a total of 258 cattle and 193 sheep of various ages, sexes and breeds distributed in different farms in Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt were examined for the presence of some enteric protozoa in the Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University from March 2012 till April 2013. The results revealed the following:- The overall occurrence of Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in animal samples were 44.78% (202 out of 451), 8.86% (40 out of 451) and 45.01% (203 out of 451), respectively. While, the occurrence of Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in cattle were 55.42% (143 out of 258), 10.46% (27 out of 258) and 45.34% (117 out of 258), respectively. Moreover, the occurrence of Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in sheep were 30.56% (59 out of 193), 6.73% (13 out of 193) and 44.55% (86 out of 193), respectively. Concerning age, the occurrence of Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum were (56.20, 10.94 and 50.36%), (62.79, 11.62 and 48.83%) and (34.28, 5.71 and 17.14%) in cattle less than 6 months, 6-12 months and more than 12 months, respectively. While, the occurrence of Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum were (29.62, 8.33 and 50.92%) and (31.76, 4.70 and 36.47%) in sheep less than 3 months and more than 3 months, respectively. Regarding healthy state, the infection rate of Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum were (55.75, 8.84 and 40.70%) and (55.17, 11.72 and 48.96%) in diarrhoeic and apparently healthy cattle, respectively, while, their respective percentages in diarrhoeic and apparently healthy sheep was (25, 11.11% and 52.77%) and (31.83, 5.73 and 42.67%), respectively. Part ΙІ• Occurrence of intestinal protozoa in man. In this study, a total of 443 human samples including (292 children, 67 adolescent and 88 adult) stool samples were collected from Mansoura University hospitals, private lab clinics and animal in contact individual at Dakahlia, Egypt and were examined for the presence of some enteric protozoa in the Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University from March 2012 till April 2013. The results revealed the followings:- The overall occurrence of intestinal protozoa in human stool samples was 63.65% (282 out of 443). The infection rate of Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in human stool was 37.24% (165 out of 443), 17.83% (79 out of 443) and 34.76% (154 out of 443), respectively. Concerning healthy state, the occurrence of intestinal protozoa in diarrhoeic persons versus apparently healthy ones was 59.39% (117 out of 197) versus 67.07% (165 out of 246). The infection rate of Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in 197 diarrhoeic persons versus 246 apparently healthy ones were (35.53% versus 38.61%), (18.27% versus 17.47%) and (39.08% versus 31.30%), respectively. Regarding to age, the occurrence of Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum were (40.75, 20.54 and 36.98%), (23.80, 17.46 and 34.92%) and (35.22, 9.09 and 27.27%) in children, adolescents and adults, respectively. Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum were detected in 134 diarrhoeic children respectively with percentages of 38.80, 19.40 and 42.53 compared to 42.40, 21.51 and 32.27 in 158 apparently healthy children. The respective occurrence of the previously mentioned protozoa in 37 diarrhoeic versus 26 apparently healthy adolescents were (21.62% versus 26.92%), (18.91% versus 15.38%) and (35.13 % versus 34.61%). The infection rate of Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in 26 diarrhoeic adults were 38.46, 11.53 and 26.92, respectively. However, the respective percentages in 62 apparently healthy adults were 33.87, 8.06 and 27.41. Regarding to sex, the overall occurrence of Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum was 39.07%, 19.32% and 37.39% in 238 males, respectively. While, their respective percentages in 205 females were 35.12, 16.09 and 31.70%. According to locality, the occurrence of Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum, respectively were (30.68%, 14.77% and 30.68%), (37.12%, 14.37% and 32.93%), (37.20%, 18.60% and 37.20%), (47.36%, 21.05% and 36.84%), (36.36%, 18.18% and 22.72%), (38.09%, 23.80% and 38.09%), (40%, 20% and 36%), (40.74%, 25.92% and 44.44%), (42.85%, 28.57% and 52.38%) and (50%, 30% and 40%) in Mansoura, Talkha, Sherbieen, Agaa, Mahalla, Belkas, Dekernis, Sinbelaween, Temi-Elamdid and Manzala, respectively. Concerning to residence, the overall occurrence of Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum in examined human living in rural areas were 39.37%, 16.37% and 37.63%, respectively. While in those living in urban areas, their respective percentages were 33.33, 20.51 and 29.4 Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum were identified in persons with animal contact, respectively with percentages of 29.80, 24.03 and 37.50 compared to 39.52, 15.92 and 33.92 in persons without animal contact. Regarding to occupations, the percentages of Entamoeba spp., Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum respectively, were (34.74, 22.88 and 44.91), (38.86, 18.62 and 32.38), (45.45, 9.09 and 30.30), (36.36, 9.09 and 22.72) and (21.73, 4.34 and 26.08) in children ≤ 6 years, students, farmers, house wives and employers, respectively.Part III Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica in fecal and stool samples of animals and man. In this part, a total of 22 parasitological positive fecal samples (9 animals and 13 human) were subjected for amplification of small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, B-giardine gene and Cryptosporidium oocysts wall protein (COWP) gene of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum, respectively. PCR technique was performed in the Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University. 1. Molecular characterization of Entamoeba spp. in fecal samples of human and animals: A total of 8 parasitological positive fecal samples for Entamoeba spp. (5 from human and 3 from animals) were subjected to conventional PCR protocol to amplify small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene of Entamoeba histolytica. The results revealed that small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene of Entamoeba histolytica was amplified at 135 bp in four human and animal fecal samples. 2. Molecular characterization of Giardia lamblia in fecal samples of human and animals: A total of 5 parasitological positive fecal samples for Giardia lamblia (3 from human and 2 from animals) were subjected to conventional PCR protocol to amplify B-giardine gene of Giardia lamblia. The results clarified that B-giardine gene of Giardia lamblia was amplified at 171 bp in three human and animal fecal samples. 3.Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium parvum in fecal samples of human and animals: A total of 9 parasitological positive fecal samples for Cryptosporidium parvum (5 from human and 4 from animals) were subjected to Cryptosporidium oocysts wall protein (COWP) gene -nested PCR. The results showed that amplification of Cryptosporidium oocysts wall protein (COWP) gene at 311 bp in all 9 human and animal fecal samples. The molecular weight of the amplified product was 550 bp in the first reaction and 311 bp in the 2nd reaction.