الفهرس 
Introduction and Aim of the workOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Fracture of the lower end of radius is the most common forearm
fracture. Some authors reported that fracture represents about 60% to
75% of all forearm fractures. The most common cause of the fracture is
due to fall on outstretched hand. Fracture eponyms pay tribute to those
who initiated the process: Colles, Barton, and Smith. Each described one
or more specific fractures that they characterized by clinical evaluation or
laboratory dissection, without the aid of X-rays. With this foundation,
many investigators progressively contributed to the breadth and depth of
understanding of distal radial fractures based on fracture attributes and
severity. Hundreds of classifications are present for this fracture(
Frykman ,Fernandez, Melone, AO, ………….).
The diagnosis of this fracture depends upon history (mechanism
of trauma), clinical finding (pain, swelling, tenderness and silver fork
deformity) and radiological finding (x ray, CT scan, MRI and
ultrasonography).
The treatment goal of these fractures is a wrist that provides
sufficient pain-free motion and stability to permit daily activity without
the propensity for future degenerative changes.
The treatment may be non operative treatment for stable fractures
in the form of closed reduction and cast application or operative treatment in cases of unstable fractures ,open fractures, bilateral fractures , failure
of conservative treatment ,and impaired contralateral extremity.
Options for operative treatment include closed reduction and
percutaneous pinning,
Very important factors were studied in relation to the results and
revealed that:
open reduction and internal fixation gives better results than
percutaneous fixation.
2) Early treatment of the patients makes the reduction easy and gives
good results
Management Of edema in the form of anti-edema drugs and
elevation of the limb make the reduction easy and allow palpation of the
radial styloid and Lister’s tubercle during insertion of crossed pins.
3)Results of both groups of the study are comparable and the difference
is not so great clinically .
4) Percutaneous pinning is a less invasive procedure can be used
effectively in adults with good bone quality with extra articular
fractures or intra articular reducible fractures of distal radius , and
also can be used in old age when they are unfit for general
anaesthesia using haematoma block.
5) volar locking system gives the best results in old patients with
osteoporosis.
6) Radiographic measurements are better in cases treated by open
reduction and internal fixation.
7) Early rehabilitation and regaining of function and less postoperative
complications can be achieved using open reduction and internal
fixation by volar plate.